Dyspepsia is a pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen or chest that patients describe as a feeling of tension, fullness, or burning pain. It is a common problem that affects up to 20% of the population.
DYSPEPSIA: General | Causes | Symptoms and Diagnosis | Treatment | Functional dyspepsia or gastritis? | Questions and Answers | Sources/references
Indigestion - dyspepsia, upset stomach, and discomfort in the upper abdomen. It is an inclusive term that people use for different things. Here, it is used for gastrointestinal problems, including nausea, regurgitation, a feeling of a lump in the throat, and bad breath (halitosis).
Indigestion describes specific symptoms, such as abdominal pain and feeling full after eating, rather than a specific disease. It can also be a symptom of other digestive disorders. Although indigestion is expected, each person may experience it slightly differently. Symptoms can occur occasionally or as often as every day.
Image: Dyspepsia affects up to 20% of the population.
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A functional disorder is an ongoing problem with bodily functions that physical causes cannot explain. You have symptoms, and doctors can see them but can't find any mechanical reason. Gastrointestinal diseases are often "functional" rather than structural. Doctors don't always understand why the brain and nerves appear to be involved.
Causes
Dyspepsia has many causes. Some are serious diseases, such as stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, inflammation of the stomach (gastritis), and stomach cancer. Dyspepsia can also be caused by anxiety, perhaps because the anxious person sighs or gasps and swallows air, which can distend the stomach or intestines and also cause belching or wind.
Common causes of digestive problems:
- swallowing of air (aerophagia)
- regurgitation (reflux) of acid from the stomach
- inflammation of the stomach (gastritis)
- stomach or duodenal ulcer
- stomach cancer
- inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis)
- intolerance to lactose (inability to digest milk and milk products)
- intestinal peristalsis disorder (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome)
- anxiety or depression
Due to anxiety, a person can also be more aware of unpleasant feelings so that even minor problems become severe. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori can cause inflammation and stomach and duodenum ulcers; it is unclear whether it can cause milDyspepsiaia; even iDyspepsiaia does not have ulcers.
Symptoms and diagnosis
Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen or chest may be accompanied by belching and loud bowel sounds (borborygmas). For some people, the pain worsens after a meal; in others, food relieves pain. Other symptoms include poor running, nausea, heartburn, diarrhea, and flatulence.
A patient with witDyspepsiaia is ofteDyspepsiaia without first doing laboratory tests. If tests are done, the results are expected in about 50 percent of patients with dyspepsia. Even if Dyspepsiaw abnormalities, they often do not explain all the symptoms.
Video content: Why is my stomach always upset?
Dyspepsia can indicate a severe illness, and they have been investigated in some cases. IDyspepsiaia continues for a few weeks, does not respond to treatment, or is accompanied by weight loss or other unusual symptoms; the patient is examined.
Laboratory tests usually include a complete blood count and a test for blood in the stool. If the patient has difficulty swallowing or vomiting, if it worsens, or if he has pain that is either improved or worsened by eating food, X-ray examinations of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine with barium are performed.
Image: Gastritis and dyspepsia have manyDyspepsia in common.
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With an endoscope, they can examine the inside of the esophagus, stomach, or intestines and take a biopsy sample of the intestinal mucosa. The sample is then examined under a microscope to see if it is infected with Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Also, other investigations, e.g., those that measure esophageal contraction or the response of the esophagus to acid, are sometimes helpful in making a diagnosis.
Treatment
If the doctor cannot find the root cause, he treats the symptoms. For a short time, you can try an antacid or an H2 receptor blocker, e.g., cimetidine, ranitidine, or famotidine. Suppose the stomach lining is infected with Helicobacter pylori. It can be cured with the same treatment as gastric and duodenal ulcers (antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, metronidazole, and an antacid).
Image: Antacids can be used for short-term treatment.
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Some people whose symptoms seem to be related to the nervous system benefit from a class of drugs known as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Administered at much lower doses than those used to treat depression, these drugs can help moderate the perception of pain and discomfort and modulate psychological triggers.
Lifestyle changes can help with mild and infrequent symptoms. These include:
- limiting the intake of trigger foods such as fried foods, tomatoes, and certain spices
- limit your intake of milk, caffeine, and alcohol
- avoiding large portions between meals
- eating smaller meals more often
- avoid lying down for at least two hours after eating
- if you are overweight, losing weight can make your digestive tract a bit easier
- raising the head of the bed by about six inches
Although diet is not a significant factor in functionaDyspepsiaia, anyone with witDyspepsiaia should pay attention to which foods trigger symptoms and avoid those foods. This can be very individual.
Video content: The best and worst food combinations.
You might want to consider keeping a food diary to track how your body reacts to different meals or try an elimination diet where you systematically test different food categories. Eating smaller meals and chewing more thoroughly can also help.
Functional dyspepsia or gastriDyspepsiaritis and dyspepsia have manyDyspepsia in common. Gastritis, a stomach lining inflammation, usually has a traceable cause. It could be a bacterial infection, overuse of certain pain medications that erode the stomach lining, or too much stomach acid. These things, such as dyspepsia or gastritis, can be tested and treated for function. You may discover and treat the cause of your gastritis and experience some relief of these symptoms, but not complete relief.
Questions and answers
What is the difference between and GERD? Dyspepsia is a factor in function. HeartburDyspepsiang and the sour taste sometimes associated with acid reflux are all symptoms of functional dyspepsia. Chronic Dyspepsiaux eventually causes visible damage to your esophagus.
Image: Chronic acid reflux causes visible damage to your esophagus over time.
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GERD is also relatively easy to treat with medications that reduce stomach acid. If you have been treated for GERD but still have indigestion symptoms, you may be diagnosed with functional dyspepsia[1].
How common are digestive problems?
Digestive diseases account for 2276.27 million prevalent cases worldwide, which represents 32.04% of the global prevalence of non-communicable diseases[2].
What most often causes dyspepsia?
Dietary Dyspepsiatyle factors that can often contribute to occasionaDyspepsiaia includDyspepsiaia too much or too quickly[3].
What can be mistaken foDyspepsiaia?
OccasionDyspepsia of pain or discomfort in the upper part of the abdomen, which can be mistaken for foDyspepsiaia:
- BiliarDyspepsiaia to gallstones
- aerophagia (repeated belching due to swallowing air)
- pain in the abdominal wall (the clinical sign is local sensitivity to palpation, which does not decrease due to tension of the muscles of the abdominal wall)
- chronic pancreatitis (episodic dull and constant pain in the upper abdomen, which may worsen with meals and radiate to the back)
- malignancy (for example, of the pancreas or colon)
- mesenteric vascular insufficiency (pain after a meal, weight loss, and fear of eating)
- metabolic diseases (such as diabetes, kidney failure, hypercalcemia)
- angina[4]
What are the symptoms of dyspepsia?
SymptomsDyspepsiaionaDyspepsiaia may incluDyspepsiang of fullness,
- pain or burning sensation in the stomach,
- flatulence, excessive belching, or
- nausea after eating[5].
Sources and references
- FunctionaDyspepsiaia - https:/Dyspepsialandclinic.org
- Global, regional, and national burden of 10 digestive diseases in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Indigestion (Dyspepsia) - https://my.clevelandclinic.org
- Indigestion: When is it functional? - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- FunctionaDyspepsiaia - https:/Dyspepsiaclinic.org
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